History is marked in various stages by going back. History is not the quay of the Neva, as Chernevsky said the line of development in the direction of general progress can go backwards, and it can express retrograde motion. In any society, for example, the new vanguard forces do not win all at once, as they often fail against the forces of the old, which are more powerful and experienced than the emerging new. From here was the inevitability of accelerated development, and temporary decline. The Arab world is the best example of this decline, and perhaps Yemen and Sudan were among the worst samples of the regressive line.

Let us leave Yemen aside, and read the plight of Sudan; On December 22, 2019, the Sudanese people rose up, and for more than a hundred days, peaceful protests continued until president al-Bashir was overthrown as a result of the coup of the leader of the Janjaweed militia (Rapid Intervention Forces), Hemedti, along with the army commander, Abdel-Fattah Al-Burhan, on their master. The presidency of the state was formed from a Sovereignty Council headed by Al-Burhan and his deputy, Hemedti, and a section of "Freedom and Change" who accepted partnership with the military. The country emerged with two unequal heads and the military forged ties with Israel, and their Arab friends who are normalized with Israel and hostile to the Arab Spring. Moreover, the military maintained the deep structure of the state, and preserved the nature of the former president Al-Bashir regime, and its alliances with the tribes and regional entities loyal to political Islam who were not far from it.

The controversy of the conflict in Sudan since independence - 1956, is manifested between the ambition for a democratic civilian rule that deeply expresses the highly plural and diverse Sudanese society, and between conservative traditional forces that want to maintain the pre-state structure; This means that sectarian, regional and ethnic entities will remain as they are, with the domination of a sect or party over the whole of Sudan, which cannot be ruled by a sect, party, party or ethnicity. In fact, it is impossible to rule Sudan without acknowledging and respecting its regional entities, its various ethnicities, its many and varied religions, its cultures, its languages, and even its several dialects.

The traditional sectarian and regional parties found themselves unable to rule, so they allied themselves with the military, and with traditional forces in different regions, but the recurring uprisings since the famous October Uprising of 1964, confirmed the difficulty of governing through forces that do not believe in or respect the nature of the Sudanese people, and perhaps the experiences of sectarian political Islam Al-Marghaniya, Al-Mahdiyya, and the rule of the military leaders: Aboud, Al-Numeiri and Al-Bashir - the most cruel and miserable in the modern history of Sudan.

The Islamic Front imposed the September rulings; Implementing the Bounds; cutting off heads, hands and feet, and applying the unjust punishments, including the punishment for drinking alcohol, on Christians: citizens, foreigners, and on naked pagans, and establishing the punishment for apostasy against the venerable Islamic scholar Mahmoud Mohammed Taha - leader of the Sudanese Republican Party.

Those who are enthusiastic about Islamizing the south through war are the ones who pushed the south to secede, raising in their war the slogan of the unity of belief more important than the unity of land so that they lost faith and soil together.

What happened on April 10, 2019, was not a pure coup, but essentially a counter-revolution against the popular uprising that has been going on for more than a hundred days against Bashir. Al-Bashir was pushed aside while maintaining the same nature of the governance, and a group of "Freedom and Change" joined the putschists, to form a civilian-facing government, with a military head: Al-Burhan and Hemedti

Headed by Hamdok, the Sudanese people were able to break the siege on Sudan, drop two-thirds of the debts that exceed sixty billion, remove Sudan from the list of terrorism, gain the trust and support of the international community, and create a climate for peace, after which aid flowed to Sudan. Civilians began to engage in dialogue with the armed movements in many areas, while Al-Burhan and Hemedti worked to open a line with Israel, deepening links with the counter-revolutionary forces inside Sudan, and with the surrounding Arab countries hostile to the Arab Spring.

On October 25, 2021, the Sudanese people woke up to the kidnapping of Prime Minister Abdalla Hamdok, and the "Freedom and Change" ministers who agreed to partner with the military, declaration a state of emergency, removing important articles from the constitution, and returning the situation to before the December 2019 uprising.

The putschists pushed a sit-in in front of the Council of Ministers by some remnants, who are loyal to the leaders of the Justice and Equality Movement (JEM), Gabriel Ibrahim (Muslims Brotherhood), from Arko Minawi - a defector from the Sudan Liberation Movement, and the chief aide of Bashir. In addition, an unsuccessful coup attempt was led by some officers as a test of the pulse or a “rehearsal” for the upcoming. However, the military took advantage of that attempt to condemn the “Freedom and Change” group, and prepare for the actual coup that was also preceded by a rebellion in eastern Sudan carried out by the “Beja tribes” led by Al-Nazir Turk- A follower of Bashir.

Immediately after the coup, the Sudanese people came out in huge protests that included most of the cities of Sudan, and their millions on Saturday, October 3, were the peak of these protests. These protests combined with the protests of Sudanese immigrants in western cities, and the American and European role escalated, calling for the return of the military to the barracks, respect for civilian rule, and a reversal of the coup that the Security Council called “the seizure of power.” The Security Council unanimously requested the immediate release of detainees and the return of civilian rule.

The protests are expected to escalate, and this will be matched by international pressure on army leaders and Arab supporters who are hostile to their people and nation; Will the Sudanese uprising be the beginning of another Arab spring that will flood the land and the entire Arab nation?